Digital Fog of War: Misinformation and Disinformation in May 2025 Indo-Pak crisis

Mazumder, Suchanda; Mudassar, Ali Syed; Koryst, Eden

doi:10.69513/jndm.v3.i1.a3

	Digital Fog of War: Misinformation and Disinformation in May 2025 Indo-Pak crisis
Al-Noor Journal for Digital Media Studies
Article 3, Volume 3, Issue 1, April 2026, Pages 22-34 PDF (387.22 K)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.69513/jndm.v3.i1.a3
Authors
Suchanda Mazumder; Ali Syed Mudassar; Eden Koryst^*
RUDN University named after Patrice Lumumba
Abstract
The expansion of digital media has transformed the global information ecosystem, which has led to the democratization of the information and proliferation of misinformation and disinformation. This study investigates the false and misleading narratives circulated during the May 2025 Indo-Pak crisis. The base of this study consists of verifiable instances of misinformation. The research is done using sixty eight verified instances identified by various established fact-checking organisations. Entman’s Framing Theory (1993) as well as Herman and Chomsky’s Propaganda Model (1998) were applied to analyse the narratives, to understand how they are structured, framed and amplified. The results were remarkable as they have shown that misinformation is not random but embedded structurally within media ecosystems and driven by platform affordances, ideological pressures, and audience psychology. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how misinformation is propagated around Indo-Pak geopolitical context, while emphasizing the need for media literacy and institutional accountability.
Keywords
Indo-Pak crisis; media; misinformation; disinformation; framing theory; propaganda model
Supplementary Files 3 Digital Fog of War Misinformation and Disinformation in May 2025 Indo-Pak crisis.pdf
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