- All Journals
- Al-Qadisiyah University
- Basrah University
- Kirkuk University
- Mosul University
- The Iraqi Borad for Medical Specialization
- University of Anbar
- University of Technology
- Al Mustafa University
- Al-Zahraa University for Women
- Alnoor University
- Kunooz University
- Misan University
- Ninevah University
- Tikrit University
- University of Al-Hamdaniya
- University of Kerbala
Bacterial Ghost Vaccines Against Yersinia enterocolitica: A Next-Generation Strategy Linking Zoonotic Transmission, Virulence Genomics, Immune Evasion, Diagnosis, and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review | ||
| Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences | ||
| Volume 25, Issue 1, May 2026, Pages 128-140 PDF (1.58 M) | ||
| Document Type: Review Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.29079/qjvms.2026.171697.1194 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Azhar Abdul sada Neamah* 1; Ahmed Jassim Neamah2 | ||
| 1Veterinary medicine college/ AL_Qadisiyah university | ||
| 2College of Biotechnology2, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Yersinia enterocolitica remains an underestimated foodborne zoonotic pathogen with a complex biology that links animal reservoirs, contaminated foods, environmental persistence, intestinal invasion, immune evasion, and post-infectious complications. Although most infections are self-limiting, severe disease may occur in children, elderly individuals, immunocompromised patients, and cases associated with septicemia, transfusion-transmitted infection, or invasive extraintestinal spread. The pathogen is distinguished by marked heterogeneity among biotypes, serotypes, virulence plasmid profiles, chromosomal pathogenicity determinants, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Recent genomic surveillance has improved the resolution of outbreak detection, source tracing, and lineage characterization, while molecular diagnostics have reduced the delay associated with culture-based methods. However, underdiagnosis remains a major limitation, especially in regions where yersiniosis is not routinely monitored. The increasing detection of multidrug-resistant isolates from food, animals, and environmental sources has renewed interest in preventive strategies beyond conventional antimicrobial therapy. Bacterial ghosts represent a promising vaccine and delivery platform because they preserve native bacterial surface antigens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns while lacking viable genetic and cytoplasmic contents. This review integrates recent evidence on Y. enterocolitica epidemiology, virulence, diagnosis, genomics, resistance, and bacterial ghost technology, and proposes a conceptual framework for developing mucosal bacterial ghost vaccines against enteric yersiniosis. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Antimicrobial resistance; bacterial ghosts; foodborne zoonosis; mucosal vaccine; virulence genomics; ">Yersinia enterocolitica | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 258 PDF Download: 180 |
||