Dimensional Changes of Denture Base Materials Reinforced with Nanoparticles (A systematic review)

Fadhel, Asraa Y; Mohammed, Amaal Kadhim; Badai, Ammar Arab; Rao, Venkata Basava

doi:10.25130/tjds.14.1.2

	Dimensional Changes of Denture Base Materials Reinforced with Nanoparticles (A systematic review)
Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences
Volume 14, Issue 1, June 2026, Pages 9-21 PDF (382.32 K)
Document Type: Reviews
DOI: 10.25130/tjds.14.1.2
Authors
Asraa Y Fadhel^* ¹; Amaal Kadhim Mohammed¹; Ammar Arab Badai²; venkata Basava Rao³
¹Department of Prosthetic Dental Technologies, College of Health and Medical Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
²Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
³Vice Chancellor, Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, AP, India
Abstract
Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the most prevalent denture base material; yet, it undergoes dimensional changes due to polymerization shrinkage, water absorption, and temperature cycling, potentially undermining fit precision and clinical efficacy. Recently, the use of nanoparticles to strengthen materials has been suggested as a way to improve dimensional stability. Objective: To assess the impact of integrating various nanoparticles into PMMA-based denture base materials, encompassing traditionally heat-cured, 3D-printed, and CAD/CAM-milled resins, on dimensional stability. Materials and Methods: Research articles released from 2015 to 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Only studies that evaluated dimensional changes as a primary outcome subsequent to nanoparticle incorporation were considered. Following the application of inclusion and exclusioncriteria, 28 studies were examined. Results: The majority of experiments demonstrated that nanoparticle reinforcement, namely zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO₂) at 1–3 wt.%, diminished polymerization shrinkage and enhanced dimensional stability in comparison to unmodified PMMA. 3Dprinted resins showed more dimensional changes at first, but these changes were lessened when nanofillers were introduced. CAD/CAM-milled PMMA had the best dimensional accuracy, although it is still more expensive and less adaptable in clinical settings. Conclusion: Adding 1–3 wt.% ZrO₂ nanoparticles provide the best balance of cost, performance, and dimensional stability. Nanofiller-reinforced 3D-printed denture base materials show promising results, but standardized long-term investigations are necessary to validate their clinical relevance.
Keywords
PMMA; 3D printing; CAD/CAM; denture base; nanoparticles; and dimensional changes

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