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New insights into Patho-mechanisms of Toll-Like Receptors in Autoimmune Diseases | ||
| Al-Zahraa Journal for Health and Medical Sciences | ||
| Volume 4, Issue 2, June 2026, Pages 10-20 PDF (611.38 K) | ||
| Document Type: Review Article | ||
| DOI: 10.66723/zjhms.2026.168456.1095 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Noorulhuda F. Khalaf1; Sinai W. Mohammed2; Faheema J aboalhor* 3; Fadhaa O. Sameer2; Istabraq A. Al-Husseiny2 | ||
| 1Tropical Biological Research Unit / College of Science / University of Baghdad / Baghdad | ||
| 2Tropical Biological Research Unit / College of Science / University of Baghdad / Baghdad – Iraq | ||
| 3tropical biological research unit\College of science\University of Baghdad | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are supposed to be crucial in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, according to several studies. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family that includes the TLRs is capable of identifying a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but they can also identify endogenous molecules. TLRs are found on various cellular membranes and are type I transmembrane proteins. The intracellular group is found in cellular compartments that are responsible for recognizing nucleic acids, whereas the extracellular group is found on the plasma membrane. They’re generated by the inflammatory cells and trigger numerous intracellular pathways, which leads to the creation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules to defend against inflammatory microorganisms. The finding and subsequent characterization of endogenous ligands for TLRs (and other PRRs) provides a unique approach for exploring the origins of autoimmune illness. The review addresses the relationship between TLR activation and subsequent events in the genesis or progression of systemic autoimmune disorders. TLR inhibitors could be a potential technique for treating autoimmune disorders. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Immune response; autoimmune disease; Toll-like receptor; Therapeutic application | ||
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