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Early Detection of Nephropathy in Iraqi Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia Using Novel Physiological Parameters | ||
| Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal | ||
| Volume 12, Issue 3, July 2026, Pages 64-78 PDF (812.16 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.36582/ksj.2026.170550.1040 | ||
| Author | ||
| Salah Mohammed Fahad* | ||
| Directorate of Education Anbar, Al-Anbar, Iraq. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This study goal to estimate the diagnostic and prognostic characteristics of nephropathy markers (Cystatin C, Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Beta-2 Microglobulin, N-Acetyl Beta-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG), Nephrin, and Kidney Injury Molecule 1(KIM-1)) in steady state and vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) of sickle cell anemia. The study was included 70 children diagnosed with sickle cell anemia with age (3-18) years and 60 healthy children with age (3-18) years. Sickle cell anemia was divided into 35 patients with steady state and 35 with VOC. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to estimate Cystatin C, Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Beta-2 Microglobulin, N-Acetyl Beta-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG), Nephrin, and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) in patients and control. The results show that the levels of cystatin C, NGAL, KIM-1, NAG, β2-microglobulin, and Nephrin had been significant increase in steady state patients (1.4±0.12, 6.2±1.35, 3.79 ±0.21 , 129±5.3, 4.3±1.2, and 4.5±0.3) respectively and VOC group (2.3±0.41, 10.35 ±0.21, 5.3±0.82, 83±4.81, 7.2±1.6, and 6.8±0.8) respectively compared with control (0.78±0.03, 3.8±1.03, 1.8±0.08, 72±4.62, 3.14±0.7, and 2.12±0.24) respectively. Based on these findings, we identified the best marker for routine screening to detect renal involvement during sickle cell anemia. Cystatin C, NGAL, and KIM-1 all exhibited high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing patients with sickle cell anemia from healthy controls. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Nephropathy; Sickle cell anemia; Physiological parameters | ||
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