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Mawlod, Suher Fares; Kassar, Ali Darub

doi:10.58928/ku26.17229

	The Economic Effects of Economic Reform Programs and Policies in Iraq After 2003: An Applied Study on Some Economic Variables with Macroeconomic and Environmental Impact
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)
Volume 17, Issue 2, June 2026, Pages 277-293 PDF (1.3 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.58928/ku26.17229
Authors
Suher Fares Mawlod¹; Ali Darub Kassar^* ²
¹Dept. of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar
²ِAgricultural Economics department, college of agriculture, university of Anbar, Ramadi , IRAQ.
Abstract
The economic effects of post-2003 economic reform policies in Iraq have had a clear impact on all economic sectors, including agriculture. These effects were studied using two econometric models. The first model examined the impact of unemployment, greenhouse gas emissions, and total spending on scientific research on GDP. The second model examined the impact of growth, inflation, the budget deficit, and the balance of payments on the economic growth rate. The research concluded that greenhouse gas emissions had a positive impact on GDP, while spending on research and development showed a negative impact. Unemployment, however, had a positive impact, reflecting a delayed response to some labor market variables. The results of the second model showed that inflation had positive effects, although these effects were considered acceptable and within the safe range for developing countries. The budget deficit showed a clear negative impact, while the balance of payments had a positive impact, reflecting an improved foreign trade situation and its positive effect on supporting economic growth rates. The research recommended the need to develop an economic model that suits the characteristics of the Iraqi market, with the aim of moving the economy from a state of structural imbalance to a state of long-term equilibrium, which would ensure the stability of national food security, as well as implementing economic reform programs to diversify sources of national income and reduce dependence on oil revenues, which are affected by global fluctuations, in order to ensure the sustainability of agricultural and industrial development , and working to reduce inflation levels or keep them at safe levels, while taking into account the need to preserve the purchasing power of citizens.
Keywords
Reform policies; sustainable agricultural development; structural unemployment; aggregate demand; foreign trade

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The Economic Effects of Economic Reform Programs and Policies in Iraq After 2003: An Applied Study on Some Economic Variables with Macroeconomic and Environmental Impact