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Environmental Stress, Sorghum Cyanogenic Potential, and Systemic Cyanide Toxicity Risk in Ruminants: A Review | ||
| Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences | ||
| Volume 40, Issue 3, July 2026, Pages 601-620 PDF (967.01 K) | ||
| Document Type: Review Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2026.169882.4699 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Azib Ernawati1; Yenny Nur Anggraeny* 2; Luki Abdullah3; Wahidin Teguh Sasongko2; Jacob Nulik2; Debora Kana Hau2; Eni Siti Rohaeni2; Setiasih Setiasih2; Antonius Antonius2; Dicky Pamungkas2; Hadriana Bansi2; Maureen Chrisye Hadiatry2; Sigit Puspito2 | ||
| 1Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency | ||
| 2Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia | ||
| 3Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This review aims to develop an integrated framework for understanding cyanide toxicity risk in sorghum-based ruminant production systems by linking plant cyanogenic potential with ruminal detoxification capacity under environmental stress conditions. Relevant peer-reviewed studies on dhurrin biosynthesis, environmental modulation, ruminal cyanide detoxification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and mitigation strategies were critically synthesized to construct a systems-based risk perspective. Dhurrin accumulation is strongly influenced by genotype, growth stage, nitrogen fertilization, and drought stress. Environmental factors, such as temperature fluctuations, soil nutrient status, and plant physiological responses, may further modify cyanogenic potential and influence variability in hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in sorghum tissues. Toxicity in ruminants depends not only on forage HCN concentration but also on the interaction between ruminal HCN release and sulfur-mediated detoxification pathways. Once absorbed, cyanide inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and systemic hypoxia. Variability in clinical outcomes reflects differences in intake patterns, nutritional status, rumen microbial activity, and detoxification capacity. Cyanide risk in sorghum–ruminant systems is a product of coordinated plant, environmental, and animal factors rather than a static concentration threshold. Integrated strategies involving genetic selection, agronomic management, feed processing, nutritional balance, monitoring, and clinical preparedness are essential to ensure safe and sustainable sorghum utilization. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| cyanide poisoning; dhurrin; feed management; hydrogen cyanide; ruminants | ||
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