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NGOs, Institutional Transparency, and Citizen Trust in Small-Loan Programs: Evidence from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq | ||
| Journal of Anbar University for Law and Political Sciences | ||
| Article 31, Volume 16, Issue: 3, September 2026, Pages 914-940 PDF (1.3 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.37651/aujlps.2026.168528.1716 | ||
| Author | ||
| Rebaz Ali Smail* | ||
| Soran University, Faculty of Law, International Relations and Management, Department of International Relations | ||
| Abstract | ||
| The article discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to establish and maintain transparency, accountability, and engage the public in small-loan projects in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The study, which is based on the Systems Theory of Governance, Principal-Agent Theory, and Diffusion of Innovations Theory, considers financial inclusion not just as an economic aspect but as a governance process as well. The research relies on survey data from the KRI governorates and is intended to evaluate the impact of institutional transparency, the involvement of NGOs, and factors at the citizen level, especially awareness and trust, on obtaining loans in a transparent and equitable manner. The survey's outcomes reveal that only 36.6% of the population is familiar with small-loan programs, and only 5.9% of respondents stated that they have received a loan, thus illustrating a significant divide between the availability of policies and public participation in them. The data taken from these observations indicates that simply making institutions transparent is not enough as poor communication between institutions and citizens prevents efficient access. Awareness and trust are factors that mediate participation, and thus, provide a reason for emphasizing the importance of conveying information and gaining credibility in loan administration. Moreover, the article proves that the NGOs have a fundamental role in not only increasing transparency but also in extending openness by flowing of information, lessening information asymmetries, and helping to focus loan administration accountability. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| NGOs; Financial inclusion; Transparency; Accountability; Loan uptake | ||
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