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The Legal Regulation of Real-Estate Digital Twins: A Comparative Study of Iraqi and UAE Law | ||
| AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences | ||
| Volume 17, Issue: 2 part 1, September 2026, Pages 1333-1380 PDF (1.01 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.63677/jqlap.2026.175984.1724 | ||
| Author | ||
| Roaa Abd Alsattar Salih* | ||
| College of Law, Al-Mustansiriya University | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This article examines the legal position of a digital twin linked to an identified physical property. It rejects two shortcuts: treating the twin as a mere engineering file and treating it as a second immovable asset existing alongside the land or building. A real-estate digital twin may combine a building model, operational and maintenance data, access credentials, software, databases, sensor feeds and, where the law permits, an official layer reflecting selected legal attributes. Those components cannot be governed by a single proprietary classification. The study therefore distinguishes the physical property from the model, data, software, platform service and land-register entry, and tests the twin’s functions throughout the property lifecycle. Depending on its contractual and institutional setting, the twin may operate as a description of the property, a conformity model, an accessory to be delivered, a continuing digital service, evidence of a technical fact, or a composite bundle of rights and obligations. Under Iraqi law, the twin may support evidence and property management, but title transfer remains subject to official registration under the Civil Code and the Real Estate Registration Law. The Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012 excludes transactions concerning immovable property, title deeds and the creation of real rights, except leases. UAE law offers a denser framework. The Federal Civil Transactions Law No. 25 of 2025, effective from 1 June 2026, regulates good-faith negotiations, disclosure of decisive information, sales by model and delivery of accessories, while electronic evidence, trust services | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Real-Estate Digital Twin; Electronic Land Registration; Accessories of the Sale; Digital Conformity; Property Data | ||
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