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SODIUM ACTIVATION OF IRAQI HIGH GRADE MONTMORILLONITE CLAYSTONE BY DRY METHOD | ||
| Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining | ||
| Article 1, Volume 9, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 65-73 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Saly N. Mahdi; Jassim M. Kshash; Abdul Wahab A. Al-Ajeel | ||
| Abstract | ||
| High grade calcium montmorillonite claystone (calcium bentonite) sample from Wadi Bashira region, Western Desert, Iraq, was activated with sodium by a dry grinding procedure and subsequently evaluated for use as drilling fluids to conform API specifications. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used to do the activation and convert calcium bentonite to its sodium form. This ion exchange was demonstrated by X-Ray diffraction patterns, wherein the main Ca-montmorillonite d (001) peak changed from 13.6 Å to 11.7 Å. The rheological properties of the activated sample were highly improved, but the sample failed to fulfill API drilling mud requirements. It was observed that certain additives (organic sodium salt and/ or Na-CMC) when added with Na2CO3 can improve the rheological properties of the activated bentonite sample so as it can be used as a drilling mud. The amounts of these additives and that of Na2CO3 were optimized and a bentonite having all API specifications was produced. Experimental results showed that an amount, not exceeding 1 wt.% of these additives with 6 wt.% Na2CO3 is optimal. Accordingly, it can be claimed that the application of this method is economically viable compared to wet activation as it saves water, energy and time. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Bentonite; Drilling fluids; Sodium activation; rheological properties; Iraq | ||
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