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First Global Mitogenome of Black Francolin (Francolinus Francolinus) From Iraq Reveals Genome Conservation, Phylogenetic Insights, And Preliminary Evidence of Population Structure | ||
| Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences | ||
| Article 16, Volume 24, Issue 2, July 2026, Pages 479-497 PDF (4.64 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.32649/ajas.2025.164406.1819 | ||
| Authors | ||
| A. A. Ismaeil; S. I. Mustafa* | ||
| Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Zakho Street 38, 42001 Duhok, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This study presents the first complete mitochondrial genomes for this species globally, assembled from the whole-genome sequencing data of five Iraqi individuals. The assembled mitogenomes, ranging from 16,704 to 16,706 bp, exhibit the typical avian structure and an AT-rich base composition (54.6%). Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated high mitogenomic coverage depth in liver tissues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Iraqi F. francolinus forms a monophyletic clade and identified the Chinese Francolin (F. pintadeanus) as its closest evolutionary relative, despite a profound genetic divergence of over 1130 polymorphic sites, indicating a deep evolutionary split. Within the Iraqi population, the number of pairwise polymorphic sites ranged from 1 to 26. The values of haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) were 0.900 ± 0.161 and 0.00080 ± 0.00017, respectively. Mitogenomic analysis indicated the genome is largely conserved, with only 29 polymorphic sites across the consensus sequence (22 transitions, 1 transversion, 6 indels) most frequently observed in the control region (PS = 5) and the 16S rRNA gene (PS = 4). Given the limited sample size, preliminary estimates of genetic differentiation and gene flow (Fst = 0.73 and Nm = 0.18, respectively) suggest potential strong site fidelity and low migration among the studied sampling sites, providing initial evidence of local genetic substructuring. This study provides essential foundational mitogenomic resources for F. francolinus, clarifying its phylogenetic placement and offering critical preliminary insights into its population structure and evolutionary history | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Next generation sequencing data; Mitochondrial DNA; Phasianidae; Maternal lineage | ||
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